Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurs when the kidneys suddenly lose their ability to function properly. This condition can range from mild impairment to complete kidney failure, making early detection and treatment critical.
Unlike what the name might suggest, AKI is not caused by a physical injury to the kidneys. Instead, it usually develops as a complication of another serious illness, particularly in individuals who are already unwell. While it is more common in older adults, children and young people can also be affected.
Without prompt medical intervention, dangerous levels of waste, salts, and chemicals can accumulate in the body, disrupting the function of other vital organs. In severe cases, complete kidney shutdown may occur, potentially leading to the need for dialysis or, in the worst cases, death.
Warning Signs of Acute Kidney Injury
The symptoms of AKI can appear suddenly and should never be ignored. These may include:
Feeling nauseous or vomiting Diarrhea Reduced urination Dehydration Confusion or disorientation Drowsiness
Even if the condition does not progress to full kidney failure, AKI affects the entire body, interferes with the effectiveness of medications, and can worsen existing health conditions.
It is important to note that AKI is different from chronic kidney disease, which develops gradually over time.
Who Is at Risk?
Certain individuals are at a higher risk of developing AKI, including those who:
Are 65 years or older Have pre-existing kidney disease Suffer from chronic conditions such as heart failure, diabetes, or liver disease Are dehydrated or unable to maintain fluid intake Have a urinary tract blockage Experience a severe infection or sepsis Take certain medications, including NSAIDs (such as ibuprofen), ACE inhibitors, or diuretics Receive strong antibiotics (such as aminoglycosides), which can be harmful if the body is already weakened
What Causes Acute Kidney Injury?
AKI often develops due to reduced blood flow to the kidneys, which can result from:
Severe dehydration due to bleeding, vomiting, or diarrhea Heart failure, liver disease, or sepsis, which reduces blood circulation Certain medications that lower blood pressure or affect kidney function
In some cases, AKI may be triggered by inflammation or damage within the kidneys themselves. This could be due to infections, immune system disorders, or a reaction to contrast dyes used in medical imaging.
A blockage in the urinary system can also cause AKI. Common causes include:
An enlarged prostate Tumors in the pelvis Kidney stones
Why Early Treatment Matters
Acute kidney injury is a medical emergency that requires immediate attention. With early diagnosis and proper management, kidney function can often be restored, preventing long-term complications. However, delaying treatment increases the risk of severe organ damage or even death.
By recognizing the warning signs and understanding the risk factors, individuals can take proactive steps to protect their kidney health and seek timely medical intervention when needed.