Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disease that causes unpredictable hair loss, often appearing in small, round patches. While it can affect hair anywhere on the body, it most commonly occurs on the scalp. The term “alopecia” refers to hair loss, while “areata” describes its patchy nature.

This condition occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks hair follicles, disrupting hair growth. Although it is not life-threatening, its impact can be deeply personal, affecting self-esteem and emotional well-being.

Different Types of Alopecia Areata
The severity and pattern of hair loss vary from person to person. The condition is classified into different types based on the extent of hair loss:

Alopecia areata totalis – Complete loss of hair on the scalp.
Alopecia areata universalis – Loss of all scalp and body hair.
Diffuse alopecia areata – General thinning of hair rather than distinct bald patches.
Ophiasis alopecia areata – Hair loss in a band-like pattern along the lower sides and back of the scalp.

Who Is at Risk?
Alopecia areata can develop in anyone, but certain factors may increase the likelihood of experiencing it:

A family history of the condition.
The presence of other autoimmune disorders, such as thyroid disease, lupus, or diabetes.
Although common, alopecia areata remains unpredictable. Some individuals may experience a single episode, while others may face recurring or progressive hair loss.

What Happens When Alopecia Areata Develops?
Hair loss from alopecia areata typically occurs in small, coin-sized patches. However, the pattern and extent of loss can vary. In addition to hair loss, some individuals may notice changes in their nails, such as pitting or rough texture.

While alopecia areata does not cause physical pain or illness, its emotional and psychological effects can be significant. Many individuals experience stress, anxiety, or depression as they navigate changes in their appearance.

Recognizing the Symptoms
The most common signs of alopecia areata include:

Sudden patchy hair loss on the scalp, face, or body.
Nail pitting or rough-textured nails.
Occasional itching or slight color changes in affected areas.
The appearance of short, tapered hairs or white hair regrowth.
Despite its visible effects, alopecia areata is not contagious. It cannot be spread through touch or airborne particles.

Although there is no definitive cure, various treatments and coping strategies can help manage hair loss and support emotional well-being. Understanding the condition is the first step toward navigating it with confidence.