What Is Iodine Deficiency?
Iodine deficiency occurs when the thyroid gland does not receive enough iodine to function effectively. The thyroid, a butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of the neck, is part of the endocrine system. It produces thyroid hormones, which are then released into the bloodstream and transported to tissues throughout the body.

These hormones play a vital role in helping the body use energy, maintain warmth, and ensure the proper functioning of organs. For a developing fetus, thyroid hormones are essential for brain and bone development. A lack of iodine during pregnancy can result in serious complications.

What Is Iodine?
Iodine is a naturally occurring mineral found in the earth. The body requires iodine to produce thyroid hormones but cannot make iodine on its own. Therefore, iodine must come from external sources, such as:

Natural Foods: Iodine is abundant in seawater. Foods like seaweed, shrimp, and other seafood are rich in iodine. Dairy products and some fortified foods also provide iodine.

Iodized Salt: Iodine is added to table salt in many countries to combat deficiency. This practice began in the United States in 1924, significantly reducing iodine deficiency rates.

Dietary Supplements: Multivitamins often include iodine as a key nutrient.

Who Is Affected by Iodine Deficiency?
Despite the advent of modern medicine, iodine deficiency remains a concern in many parts of the world. Groups most at risk include:

Individuals Without Access to Iodized Salt: Over 10% of the global population lacks access to iodized salt.
People Living Far from the Sea or at High Altitudes: These regions often have low iodine levels in the natural environment.
Vegans or Those Avoiding Seafood and Dairy: These dietary choices limit access to iodine-rich foods.
Pregnant Individuals: Pregnancy increases the need for iodine by 50% to support the fetus’s growth and development.

What Are the Complications of Iodine Deficiency?
A lack of iodine prevents the body from producing enough thyroid hormones, leading to various health issues. The effects are particularly severe during pregnancy, where iodine deficiency can result in:

Miscarriage or stillbirth.
Birth defects or delayed growth.
Intellectual disabilities and developmental delays.
In rare and severe cases, iodine deficiency during pregnancy can cause cretinism, also known as congenital iodine deficiency syndrome. Babies born with this condition may experience:

Severe physical and mental developmental delays.
Inability to hear or speak (deaf-mutism).
Tight, spastic muscles.
Short stature.

Conclusion
Iodine is an essential mineral that plays a critical role in thyroid function and overall health. While iodine deficiency is preventable, it continues to affect millions worldwide. Understanding the importance of iodine and incorporating it into a balanced diet can help reduce the risk of complications, especially for vulnerable groups such as pregnant individuals.