Keratoconus is a condition that affects the cornea, the clear outer layer of the eye. Normally, the cornea has a smooth, round shape that helps the eye focus light for clear vision. Its strength and flexibility come from collagen, a protein in its middle layer.

The cornea thins and bulges outward in keratoconus, forming a cone-like shape instead of remaining round. This irregular shape leads to vision problems, including blurriness. The condition often begins during adolescence and can progress into the mid-30s, typically affecting both eyes, though one eye may be more severely impacted than the other.

Causes
The exact cause of keratoconus remains unclear, though it is believed to be linked to factors present at birth. The condition involves the loss of collagen in the cornea, likely due to an imbalance between the breakdown and repair of corneal tissue.

Risk Factors for Keratoconus:
Genetics: An individual with a family history of keratoconus or certain conditions, such as Down syndrome, has a higher risk.
Chronic Eye Irritation: Constant inflammation caused by allergies or irritants can weaken the cornea.
Eye Rubbing: Frequent or forceful rubbing of the eyes can contribute to the condition’s onset or worsening.
Age: Keratoconus often emerges in the teenage years. Younger individuals with advanced keratoconus are more likely to require surgical intervention as the disease progresses.

Symptoms of Keratoconus:
1. Blurred vision that does not improve with corrective lenses.
2. Glare or halos around lights, especially at night.
3. Difficulty seeing in dim lighting conditions.
4. Eye irritation or headaches resulting from eye strain.
5. Heightened sensitivity to bright light.
6. A sudden worsening or clouding of vision.

Keratoconus, though challenging, can be managed effectively if detected early. Regular eye examinations are crucial for anyone experiencing persistent vision issues or other symptoms. With appropriate treatment, the progression of keratoconus can be slowed, helping to maintain better vision.