Leprosy, also called Hansen’s disease, is an infectious disease caused by bacteria known as Mycobacterium leprae. This disease affects the eyes, skin, mucous membranes, and nerves, disfiguring sores and nerve damage. Despite its ancient history and the stigma that once surrounded it, modern treatments have made leprosy manageable. There is no longer reason to isolate or quarantine those with this condition.

Does Leprosy Still Exist?
Leprosy may sound like a disease of the past, but it still exists today. Worldwide, approximately 208,000 people are affected, with most cases occurring in Asia and Africa. Although rare, it can affect anyone, and early detection is crucial for effective treatment.

Who is at Risk?
Leprosy can affect people of all ages but is most commonly seen in individuals aged 5 to 15 or over 30. The good news? Most people—over 95%—have a natural immunity to Mycobacterium leprae and never develop symptoms, even if exposed.

Types of Leprosy
Leprosy comes in three forms, each with distinct characteristics:

Tuberculoid Leprosy: This mild type involves a strong immune response, leading to only a few sores. It’s also called paucibacillary leprosy.
Lepromatous Leprosy: This more severe form causes widespread sores, lesions, and damage to nerves, skin, and organs. It’s more contagious due to a weaker immune response and is also called multibacillary leprosy.
Borderline Leprosy: Combining symptoms of both types, this form is also known as dimorphous leprosy.

Recognizing the Symptoms
Leprosy doesn’t appear immediately—it can take 3 to 5 years or even decades for symptoms to show. Common signs include:

Skin patches that may be red or lighter than the surrounding skin.
Areas of skin with reduced or no sensation.
Numbness or tingling in the hands, feet, arms, or legs.
Painless wounds or burns on the hands and feet.
Muscle weakness.

In advanced stages, it can cause:
Paralysis.
Vision loss.
Disfigurement of the nose.
Permanent damage to hands and feet.
Shortening of fingers and toes.

The Cause and Spread of Leprosy
Leprosy results from close contact with Mycobacterium leprae. Although it isn’t highly contagious, it can spread through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. However, it does not spread through casual contact like hugging, shaking hands, or sitting near someone with leprosy.

Fortunately, only about 5% of people lack natural immunity to this bacteria, making most individuals resistant to the disease.

Why Understanding Matters
Leprosy is no longer the frightening mystery it once was. Advances in medicine have transformed it into a treatable condition. Understanding the facts helps break down the stigma and ensures those affected receive the support they need. By staying informed and compassionate, it is possible to contribute to a world that accepts and supports everyone, regardless of their health challenges.